On 26 July 657, the Battle of Siffin occurred beside the Euphrates River during the first Muslim civil war, known as the First Fitna, between the forces of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Muawiyah I.
This pivotal confrontation saw intense fighting as both leaders vied for control over the caliphate following the assassination of the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan.
The battle ended inconclusively, with heavy casualties on both sides, leading to arbitration that further deepened the divide within the Muslim community.
